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dc.contributor.authorJanse, Ingmar
dc.contributor.authorBeeloo, Rick
dc.contributor.authorSwart, Arno
dc.contributor.authorVisser, Michael
dc.contributor.authorSchouls, Leo
dc.contributor.authorvan Duijkeren, Engeline
dc.contributor.authorvan Passel, Mark W J
dc.date.accessioned2021-03-28T15:24:24Z
dc.date.available2021-03-28T15:24:24Z
dc.date.issued2021-03-09
dc.identifier.issn2167-8359
dc.identifier.pmid33732552
dc.identifier.doi10.7717/peerj.11000
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10029/624794
dc.description.abstractGenome sequences provide information on the genetic elements present in an organism, and currently there are databases containing hundreds of thousands of bacterial genome sequences. These repositories allow for mining patterns concerning antibiotic resistance gene occurrence in both pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria in e.g. natural or animal environments, and link these to relevant metadata such as bacterial host species, country and year of isolation, and co-occurrence with other resistance genes. In addition, the advances in the prediction of mobile genetic elements, and discerning chromosomal from plasmid DNA, broadens our view on the mechanism mediating dissemination. In this study we utilize the vast amount of data in the public database PATRIC to investigate the dissemination of carbapenemase-encoding genes (CEGs), the emergence and spread of which is considered a grave public health concern. Based on publicly available genome sequences from PATRIC and manually curated CEG sequences from the beta lactam database, we found 7,964 bacterial genomes, belonging to at least 70 distinct species, that carry in total 9,892 CEGs, amongst which blaNDM, blaOXA, blaVIM, blaIMP and blaKPC. We were able to distinguish between chromosomally located resistance genes (4,137; 42%) and plasmid-located resistance genes (5,753; 58%). We found that a large proportion of the identified CEGs were identical, i.e. displayed 100% nucleotide similarity in multiple bacterial species (8,361 out of 9,892 genes; 85%). For example, the New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase NDM-1 was found in 42 distinct bacterial species, and present in seven different environments. Our data show the extent of carbapenem-resistance far beyond the canonical species Acetinobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These types of data complement previous systematic reviews, in which carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae were found in wildlife, livestock and companion animals. Considering the widespread distribution of CEGs, we see a need for comprehensive surveillance and transmission studies covering more host species and environments, akin to previous extensive surveys that focused on extended spectrum beta-lactamases. This may help to fully appreciate the spread of CEGs and improve the understanding of mechanisms underlying transmission, which could lead to interventions minimizing transmission to humans.en_US
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.rights©2021 Janse et al.
dc.subjectCarbapenem-resistanceen_US
dc.subjectCarbapenemase encoding genesen_US
dc.subjectGenome repositoriesen_US
dc.subjectPublic genome sequencesen_US
dc.titleThe extent of carbapenemase-encoding genes in public genome sequences.en_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dc.identifier.journalPeer J 2021; 9:e11000en_US
dc.source.journaltitlePeerJ
dc.source.volume9
dc.source.beginpagee11000
dc.source.endpage
dc.source.countryUnited States


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