RSS 1.0Articles and other publications by RIVM employees
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Europe-Wide Atmospheric Radionuclide Dispersion by Unprecedented Wildfires in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, April 2020.From early April 2020, wildfires raged in the highly contaminated areas around the Chernobyl nuclear power plant (CNPP), Ukraine. For about 4 weeks, the fires spread around and into the Chernobyl exclusion zone (CEZ) and came within a few kilometers of both the CNPP and radioactive waste storage facilities. Wildfires occurred on several occasions throughout the month of April. They were extinguished, but weather conditions and the spread of fires by airborne embers and smoldering fires led to new fires starting at different locations of the CEZ. The forest fires were only completely under control at the beginning of May, thanks to the tireless and incessant work of the firefighters and a period of sustained precipitation. In total, 0.7-1.2 TBq 137Cs were released into the atmosphere. Smoke plumes partly spread south and west and contributed to the detection of airborne 137Cs over the Ukrainian territory and as far away as Western Europe. The increase in airborne 137Cs ranged from several hundred μBq·m-3 in northern Ukraine to trace levels of a few μBq·m-3 or even within the usual background level in other European countries. Dispersion modeling determined the plume arrival time and was helpful in the assessment of the possible increase in airborne 137Cs concentrations in Europe. Detections of airborne 90Sr (emission estimate 345-612 GBq) and Pu (up to 75 GBq, mostly 241Pu) were reported from the CEZ. Americium-241 represented only 1.4% of the total source term corresponding to the studied anthropogenic radionuclides but would have contributed up to 80% of the inhalation dose.
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Overcoming scientific barriers in the transition from to non-animal batch testing of human and veterinary vaccines.Before release, vaccine batches are assessed for quality to evaluate whether they meet the product specifications. Vaccine batch tests, in particular of inactivated and toxoid vaccines, still largely rely on in vivo methods. Improved vaccine production processes, ethical concerns, and suboptimal performance of some in vivo tests have led to the development of in vitro alternatives.
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Effect of C reactive protein point-of-care testing on antibiotic prescribing for lower respiratory tract infections in nursing home residents: cluster randomised controlled trial.Antibiotics were prescribed at initial consultation for 84 (53.5%) patients in the intervention group and 65 (82.3%) in the control group. Patients in the intervention group had 4.93 higher odds (95% confidence interval 1.91 to 12.73) of not being prescribed antibiotics at initial consultation compared with the control group, irrespective of treating physician and baseline characteristics. The between group difference in antibiotic prescribing at any point from initial consultation to follow-up was 23.6%. Differences in secondary outcomes between the intervention and control groups were 4.4% in full recovery rates at three weeks (86.4% v 90.8%), 2.2% in all cause mortality rates (3.5% v 1.3%), and 0.7% in hospital admission rates (7.2% v 6.5%). The odds of full recovery at three weeks, and the odds of mortality and hospital admission at any point did not significantly differ between groups.
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Cell differentiation in the cardiac embryonic stem cell test (ESTc) is influenced by the oxygen tension in its underlying embryonic stem cell culture.Oxygen (O2) levels in the mammalian embryo range between 2.4% and 8%. The cardiac embryonic stem cell test (ESTc) is a model for developmental toxicity predictions, which is usually performed under atmospheric O2 levels of 20%. We investigated the chemical sensitivity of the ESTc carried out under 20% O2, using embryonic stem cells (ESC) cultured under either 20% O2 or 5% O2. ESC viability was more sensitive to valproic acid (VPA) but less sensitive to flusilazole (FLU) when cultured under 5% versus 20% O2. For beating cardiomyocyte differentiation, lower ID50 values were found for FLU and VPA when the ESCs had been cultured under 5% versus 20% O2. At differentiation day 4, gene expression values were primarily driven by the level of O2 during ESC culture instead of exposure to FLU. In addition, using ESCs cultured under 5% O2 tension, VPA enhanced Nes (ectoderm) expression. Bmp4 (mesoderm) was enhanced by VPA when using ESCs cultured under 20% O2. At differentiation day 10, using ESCs cultured under 5% instead of 20% O2, Nkx2.5 and Myh6 (cardiomyocytes) were less affected after exposure to FLU or VPA. These results show that O2 tension in ESC culture influences chemical sensitivity in the ESTc. This enhances awareness of the standard culture conditions, which may impact the application of the ESTc in quantitative hazard assessment of chemicals.
